{"id":14693,"date":"2021-10-06T16:19:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-06T15:19:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/international-pest-control.com\/wordpress\/?p=14693"},"modified":"2021-10-06T16:25:24","modified_gmt":"2021-10-06T15:25:24","slug":"an-innovative-year-round-larvicide-for-mosquito-control","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/international-pest-control.com\/wordpress\/an-innovative-year-round-larvicide-for-mosquito-control\/","title":{"rendered":"An innovative year-round larvicide for mosquito control"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>

Aedes aegypti<\/em>. Photo: WHO, CDC\/Pablo Carera, Muhammad Mahdi Karim.<\/p><\/div>\n

Mosquitoes are considered one of the most serious vectors of some of the world\u2019s deadly diseases afflicting the tropical and subtropical countries. One of the devastating mosquito transmitted diseases, malaria is known to be endemic in 117 countries with 3.2 billion people living at risk all over the world and about 350 to 500 million clinical cases of malaria worldwide with over 1 million deaths annually (Nwabor et al, 2017)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Most of the deaths occur in children under the age of 5 years. According to the WHO, unmanaged insecticide resistance may lead to an increase in malaria-related mortality. Mosquitoes are the most common nuisance to urban life in developing countries. It is also responsible for transmitting other diseases of public health significance including dengue fever, chikungunya, filariasis and yellow fever.<\/p>\n

Among the other vector borne diseases, dengue is the most prevalent viral infection transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. More than 3.9 billion people in over 129 countries are at risk of contracting dengue, with an estimated 96 million symptomatic cases and an estimated 40,000 deaths every year.<\/p>\n

Chemical control methods are the most popular choice, due to their fast action and ease of handling (WHO 1981). Chemical insecticides are undoubtedly powerful in their role as the prime choice in the control of mosquito borne diseases. Their role of pest control also cannot be over emphasized, nor can it be overlooked. However, irrespective of these roles, their detrimental effect on the environment and the eco-system has long been a cause of concern.<\/p>\n

Resistance of malaria vector\u00a0 Anopheles vagus<\/em>\u00a0 to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in Bangladesh has been reported since the 1980s. Other Southeast Asian countries have reported to have insecticide resistance in this species to several pyrethroids including deltamethrin, permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin (Mittal\u00a0 et all,<\/em>\u00a0 2004).\u00a0 Recently, Alam et all., (2002) reported,\u00a0 Anopheles vagus<\/em>, the primary vector of malaria, was found to be resistant to permethrin and deltamethrin, with only 29% and 55% mortality at 30 minutes respectively.<\/p>\n

In polluted water, Culex mosquitoes in urban and suburban areas are usually controlled by using thermal fogging with various chemical insecticides, mainly pyrethroids as the main strategy. This operation, however, mainly affects adult mosquitoes for a short period. Evidence of resistance to various groups of chemical insecticides by\u00a0 Culex quinquefasciatus<\/em>\u00a0 has been reported in several countries including Thailand, France (Yebakima et al, 1995), Colombia (Bisset etal, 1998), West Africa (Chandre et al, 1998), USA (Liu\u00a0 et al<\/em>, 2005) and Malaysia (Nazni\u00a0 et al<\/em>, 2005). Continued use of the same or different types of chemical insecticides like permethrin and malathion, results in mosquitoes developing multi-insecticide resistance (Forstinus et al. 2017).<\/p>\n

So, an alternative approach for mosquito control is now being increasingly explored (Vivekanandhan, Karthi, et al. 2018). However, the emergence of resistance in field populations of\u00a0 Culex quinquefasciatus<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> to a bacteria\u00a0 Bacillus sphaericus<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> has been described in Thailand (Mulla\u00a0 et al<\/em>, 2003) and India in the past decade (Rao\u00a0 et al<\/em>, 1995). There is an urgent need to develop strategies to control mosquitoes, especially\u00a0 Culex quinquefasciatus<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> that have already developed resistance to chemical insecticides as well as the microbial larvicide\u00a0 Bacillus sphaericus<\/em>. Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are then considered as a novel group of insecticides for controlling these insecticide-resistant mosquitoes.<\/p>\n

IGRs, in general, exhibit a good margin of safety to most non-target biota, thus offering some advantages in mosquito control programmes (Mulla, 1995). Many IGR compounds and products have been evaluated for larvicidal activity against various mosquito species, such as\u00a0 Culex quinquefasciatus<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> (Mulla and Darwazeh, 1988),\u00a0 Aedes aegypti<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> (Mulla\u00a0 et al<\/em>, 2003),\u00a0 Anopheles<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> and\u00a0 Culex<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> mosquitoes (Batra\u00a0 et al<\/em>, 2005). Most IGRs provide good larvicidal efficacy for the control of targeted mosquitoes, depending on the active ingredients, formulations, dosages, and the habitats being treated.<\/p>\n

Novaluron is an IGR of the benzoyl urea group, which inhibits chitin synthesis, affecting the moulting process of insects. It has low acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity to humans, birds, earthworms, fish and aquatic plants, but is highly toxic to some crustaceans (WHO, 2005). Recently, a few reports documented the larvicidal efficacy of novaluron under laboratory and field conditions against the larvae of\u00a0 Aedes aegypti<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> (Mulla\u00a0 et al<\/em>, 2003) and\u00a0 Culex<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> mosquitoes (Su\u00a0 et al<\/em>, 2003). The present study was carried out to evaluate the field efficacy of a formulation of novaluron against immature mosquitoes in sites infested with heavy populations of mosquito larvae in urban areas of Bangladesh.<\/p>\n

Russell Bio Solutions Ltd. has developed a unique, novel and innovative product MOSQUITON 0.12P to control mosquito larvae. The formulation of MOSQUITON has been developed to achieve the controlled release of the active ingredient, novaluron (0.12%) over a long period of time. The Mosquiton tablet contains inert material that helps to disperse the active novaluron in water as an emulsion form and eventually it helps to float the active ingredients uniformly on the water surface. The larvicide is released at a slower and steadier rate in areas of standing water (small or large) that can control around 95-98% of Culex and other mosquito larvae in all the aquatic stages of mosquito development to inhibit adult development. The tablet lasts in the field for a period of 90-150 days depending on the conditions of the water surface.<\/p>\n

Development background<\/h4>\n

Novaluron is an insecticide of the class diflubenzoylureas. The compound shows the killing effect against various larvae of genus Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera. Novaluron has been registered as an insecticide for food crops in many countries, including South Africa, Argentina, and Australia. The United States authorities approved the compound\u2019s registration as a pest control product for floriculture in September 2001. The acute toxicity of novaluron tested on rats through oral, dermal and inhalation administrations show LD50\u00a0 of novaluron is determined as >5000 mg\/kg body weight (bw) for oral dose acute toxicity to male and female rats, >2000 mg\/mg bw for dermal treatment acute toxicity to male and female rats, and >5150 mg\/m3\u00a0 for inhalation acute toxicity to male and female rats.<\/p>\n

Regarding environmental concerns, novaluron at a dosage of 10 mg ai\/m2\u00a0 had no impact on fishes and aquatic plants in treated areas during and after the experiment. A similar safety profile for novaluron with non-target fauna in riverine pools was also found for guppies (Poecilia reticulata<\/em>), a native fish species of Sri Lanka (Rosbora daniconis<\/em>) and aquatic beetles, when applied at concentrations of 0.01-2.5 mg ai\/l (Yapabandra, unpublished report to the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme, 2004).<\/p>\n

WHO has assessed novaluron for use as a mosquito larvicide in drinking-water in containers, particularly to control dengue fever. The recommended dosage of novaluron in potable water in containers should not exceed 0.05 mg\/litre under the WHO Pesticides Evaluation Scheme. In view of the absence of a carcinogenic potential in rodents and the lack of genotoxic potential in vitro and in vivo, the JMPR (Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues) concluded that novaluron is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans. JMPR also concluded that novaluron is not a developmental toxicant (World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 3rd edition including 1st and 2nd addenda, 2008).<\/p>\n

The WHO (2005) recommends the use of novaluron as a larvicide applied in non-drinking water-storage containers, temporary mosquito habitats and polluted waters at the dosage of 10-50 g ai\/l or 10-100 g ai\/ha. However, the higher dosages are required for polluted and vegetated habitats and for obtaining longer residual efficacy. It was stated by the WHO (2005) the level of control by novaluron at various dosages is comparable to pyriproxyfen and better than Methoprene (Mulla\u00a0 et al<\/em>, 1986, 1989).<\/p>\n

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Mosquiton (novaluron 0.12P) larvicide tablet. Photo: Russell Bio Solutions<\/p><\/div>\n

How Mosquiton works?<\/h4>\n

MOSQUITON 0.12P Novaluron larvicide affects the development of immature stages by disrupting the moulting process. It is an effective means for preventing the emergence of adult mosquitoes from water bodies. Consequently, beneficial species are not affected. The use of Mosquiton eliminates the risk of people getting infected by mosquito borne diseases.<\/p>\n

How Mosquiton is used?<\/h4>\n

Apply 1 Tablet (1 gm) per 10 litres of water, the dose will be double if content of organic matter is too high in the water body. In case of a large water body, apply a 10 gm tablet for every metre distance.\u00a0 It can control all kinds of mosquito transmitted diseases including dengue, chikungunya, malaria and Zika.<\/p>\n

The formulation is effective for up to 3 months and in a year-round for sub-tropical and tropical locations mosquito control can be achieved with 2-3 applications. MOSQUITON 0.12P Novaluron Insecticide can be used in governmental mosquito control programmes by professional pest control operators or homeowners.<\/p>\n

Russell Bio Solutions has been conducted trial in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Thailand to evaluate the efficacy of Mosquiton tablets. In all trial locations, a single treatment of Mosquiton at a dose of 1g (1.2 mg ai novaluron) \/ m2\u00a0 provided excellent control of 95-98% of immature larval mortality. The Bangladesh lab trial conducted by Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) against female mosquito larvae of\u00a0 Culex quinquefasciatus<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> at 28 degrees Celsius and 76% humidity. The average mortality of was recorded, 74% on 3 days and 98% 5 days after exposer to Mosquiton\u00a0 treated water (see graph)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Trial of Mosquiton Larvicide (0.12 P Novaluron) against Culex quinquefasciatus<\/em>. Trial has been conducted by Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) Bangladesh against female mosquito larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus<\/em> at 28\u00b0C and 76% humidity.<\/p><\/div>\n

Tawatsin et al., 2007 used the dosage (10 mg ai\/m2) of novaluron as a single treatment and attempted to obtain residual effects against target mosquitoes in the treated sites, containing highly polluted waters. The study revealed that a single treatment of an EC10 formulation of novaluron at a dosage of 10 mg ai\/m2\u00a0 provided excellent control (90-100% reduction) of the immature populations of polluted water mosquitoes in the treated areas for three to seven weeks. Tawatsin et al., 2007 described the differences in residual efficacy depending on the prevailing conditions for each site, such as the degree of water pollution, sun exposure and extent of rains and water drainage.<\/p>\n

A similar trend of mortality has found in the simulated field trial up to one month. The trial was conducted by National Institute of Health of Thailand. A single treatment of Mosquiton at a dose of 1g \/ 10 litres of water\u00a0 provided excellent control of 100% larval mortality within 7 days.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Similarly, a study conducted in India also showed that novaluron 10% EC when applied at the same dosage (10 mg ai\/m2) exhibited high degrees of residual effects against\u00a0 Culex quinquefasciatus<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> larvae for 13 days in cesspits, 17 days in drains and 69 days in unused wells (Jambulingam\u00a0 et al<\/em>, unpublished report to the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme, 2004).<\/p>\n

In smaller breeding sites, such as buckets (18 litres capacity), novaluron 10% EC provided excellent control (>90% inhibition of the emergence) of wild populations of\u00a0 Culex quinquefasciatus<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> for as long as 10 weeks (Arredondo- Jimenez and Valdez-Delgado, unpublished report to the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme, 2004).<\/p>\n

Su\u00a0 et al,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> (2003) revealed the duration of a high level of efficacy (>90% inhibition of emergence) of novaluron against the larvae of\u00a0 Culex quinquefasciatus<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> tested in mesocosms (27 m2) were 7 and 13 days at dosages of 1-5 and 10 mg\/m2\u00a0 respectively; whereas a duration of 14 days was achieved at a dosage of 1.25-5 mg\/ m2\u00a0 tested in a microcosm (240 litres) where the water was enriched with rabbit pellets. Field evaluation of novaluron at dosages of 1- 10 mg\/m2\u00a0 against\u00a0 Culex quinquefasciatus<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> conducted in India also demonstrated that the effective duration (>80% inhibition of emergence) obtained in cesspits (1-15 m2), street drains (4-6 m2) and wells (1.3-4 m2) were 11-13, 8-17 and 33-69 days, respectively (Jambulingam\u00a0 et al<\/em>, unpublished report to the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme, 2004).<\/p>\n

It has been reported that the extent of residual activity of novaluron against\u00a0 Culex quinquefasciatus<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> depends evidently on two major factors: dosages used and types of larval habitats. The activity of novaluron is also degraded by environmental factors, such as ultraviolet light and organic pollution (Su\u00a0 et al<\/em>, 2003).<\/p>\n

As tested against other mosquito species, novaluron demonstrated a high level of residual activity against\u00a0 Anopheles<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> larvae (An. culicifacies<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> Giles and\u00a0 An. subpictus<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> Grassi) in riverine pools (at a dosage of 0.01 mg ai\/l) for 63 days and in gem pits (at dosages of 0.01- 0.1 mg ai\/l) for 124 days (Yapabandra, unpublished report to the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme, 2004). Novaluron provided complete coverage (at dosages of 0.0166-0.0498 mg ai\/l) against the larvae of\u00a0 An. albimanus<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> Wiedemann and\u00a0 An. pseudopunctipennis<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> in sentinel cages placed in artificial pools was also achieved for 16 weeks (Arredondo-Jimenez and Valdez-Delgado, unpublished report to the WHO Pesticide Evalu- ation Scheme, 2004).<\/p>\n

Novaluron provided excellent control of\u00a0 Aedes aegypti<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> larvae in 200 litres of water storage jars at dosages of 10-20 \u03bcg ai\/ l for at least two months (Mulla\u00a0 et al<\/em>, 2003); applications at dosages of 0.055 -0.165 mg ai\/l yielded high mortality (>85%) for\u00a0 Aedes aegypti<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> and\u00a0 Aedes albopictus<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> (Skuse) larvae in sentinel cages placed in 18 litres buckets for 14 weeks (Arredondo-Jimenez and Valdez- Delgado, unpublished report to the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme, 2004).<\/p>\n

In conclusion, our findings show novaluron (0.12 P) can be used as an effective larvicide to control immature, clean and polluted water mosquitoes, such as\u00a0 Culex quinquefasciatus<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> larvae, with residual effects for three to 12 weeks after a single treatment at a dosage of 1.2 mg ai\/m2. Retreatment with this IGR may be justified, depending on the prevailing conditions of the treated sites. This IGR larvicide may play an important role in operational vector control programmes in terms of effectiveness, environmental friendliness and as a strategy for managing insecticide-resistant vector mosquitoes. Further field studies of novaluron against a range of mosquito species in various cities in Bangladesh will continue.<\/p>\n

REFERENCES:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Batra CP, Mittal PK, Adak T, (2005), Efficacy of IGR compound Starycide 480 SC (Triflumuron) against mosquito larvae in clear and polluted water. J Vector Borne Dis 2005; 42: 109-16.
\n<\/span>Bisset J, Rodriguez MM, Diaz C,(1998), Resistance in a strain of Culex quinquefasciatus coming from Medellin, Colombia. Rev Cubana Med Trop ; 50: 133-7.
\n<\/span>Chandre F, Darriet F, Darder M, (1998). Pyrethroid resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus from west Africa. Med Vet Entomol; 12: 359- 66.
\n<\/span>Liu H, Xu Q, Zhang L, (2005) Chlorpyrifos resistance in mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. J Med Entomol 2005; 42: 815-20.
\n<\/span>Nwabor Ozioma Forstinus, Nnamonu Emmanuel Ikechukwu, Martins Paul Emenike Odiachi Osita, (2017). Synthetic insecticides, phytochemicals and mosquito resistance, Academia Journal of Biotechnology 5(8): 118-125, August 2017.
\n<\/span>Mittal PK, Wijeyaratne P, Pandey S, (2004), Status of Insecticide Resistance of Malaria, Kala-Azar and Japanese Encephalitis Vectors in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal (BBIN). Washington, DC: U.S. Agency for International Development.
\n<\/span>Alam Mohammad Shaiful, Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin, Wasif A. Khan,1 Rashidul Haque, Bernard L. Nahlen, Neil F. Lobo; (2002), Preliminary Report of Pyrethroid Resistance in Anopheles vagus, an Important Malaria Vector in Bangladesh, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 103(2), 2020, pp. 810\u2013811.
\n<\/span>Mulla MS (1995), The future of insect growth regulators in vector control. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1995; 11: 269-73.
\n<\/span>Mulla MS, Darwazeh HA (1986), Kennedy B, (1986). Evaluation of new insect growth regulators against mosquitoes with notes on non-target organisms. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1986; 2: 314- 20.
\n<\/span>Mulla MS, Darwazeh HA (1988), Efficacy of new insect growth regulators against mosquito larvae in dairy wastewater lagoons. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1988; 4: 322-5.
\n<\/span>Mulla MS, Darwazeh HA, Schreiber ET, (1989), Impact of new insect growth regulators and their formulations on mosquito larval development in impoundment and floodwater habitats. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1989; 5: 15-20.
\n<\/span>Mulla MS, Thavara U, Tawatsin A, (2003), Laboratory and field evaluation of novaluron, a new acylurea insect growth regulator, against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J Vector Ecol 2003; 28: 241-54.
\n<\/span>Nazni WA, Lee HL, Azahari AH. (2005), Adult and larval insecticide susceptibility status of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) mosquitoes in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Trop Biomed; 22: 63- 8.
\n<\/span>Rao, D. R.,\u00a0 Mani, T. R.,\u00a0 Rajendran, R.,\u00a0 Joseph, A. S. J.,\u00a0 Gajanana, A.\u00a0 &\u00a0 Reuben, R.\u00a0 (1995), Development of a high level of resistance to\u00a0 Bacillus sphaericus\u00a0 in a field population of\u00a0 Culex quinquefasciatus\u00a0 from Kochi, India,\u00a0 J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., in the press.
\n<\/span>Su T, Mulla MS and Zaim M. (2003), Laboratory and field evaluations of novaluron, a new insect growth regulator (IGR), against Culex mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2003; 19: 408-18.
\n<\/span>Tawatsin, A., Thavara, S., Bhakdeenuan,P., Chompoosri, J., Siriyasatien, P. Asavadachanukorn, P., and Mulla, M., (2007) Field evaluation of Novaluron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor larvicide, against mosquito larvae in polluted water in urban areas of Bangkok, Thailand. The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health; Vol 38 No. 3; 434-440.
\n<\/span>Vivekanandhan, P., Senthil-Nathan, S., and Shivakumar, M. S. (2018a). Larvicidal, pupicidal and adult smoke toxic effects of\u00a0 Acanthospermum hispidum\u00a0 (DC) leaf crude extracts against mosquito vectors.\u00a0 Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol.\u00a0 101, 156\u2013162.
\n<\/span>WHO- World Health Organization (2005), Report of the eight WHOPES working group meeting. WHO\/CDS\/WHOPES\/2005.10. 2005.
\n<\/span>WHO – World Health Organization (1981), Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of mosquito larvae insecticides. WHO\/VBC\/81.807. Available from: whqlibdoc.who.int\/temp\/WHO_VBC_81.807.pdf.
\n<\/span>Yebakima A, Raymond M, Marquine M, (1995), Resistance to organophosphorous insecticides in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Cu- licidae) from Martinique. J Med Entomol 1995; 32: 77-82.<\/span><\/p>\n

Authors:\u00a0<\/strong>Dr Nayem Hassan and Dr Abu Imroz Ali
\nRussell Bio Solutions, Flint, CH6 5XA, UK.\u00a0 \u00a0www.russellbio.net<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Published in<\/strong> International Pest Control \u2013 September\/October 2020 issue.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Mosquitoes are considered one of the most serious vectors of some of the world\u2019s deadly diseases afflicting the tropical and subtropical countries. One of the devastating mosquito transmitted diseases, malaria is known to be endemic in 117 countries with 3.2 billion people living at risk all over the world and about 350 to 500 million […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[72,861,863,157,506,862],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/international-pest-control.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14693"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/international-pest-control.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/international-pest-control.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/international-pest-control.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/international-pest-control.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14693"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/international-pest-control.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14693\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14708,"href":"https:\/\/international-pest-control.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14693\/revisions\/14708"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/international-pest-control.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14693"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/international-pest-control.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14693"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/international-pest-control.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14693"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}